Match the following: Answer: Many sepoys believed that the victory was the destruction of cartridges that were standard issue with the new rifle were greased with lard (pork fat) which was regarded as unclean by Muslims and tallow (cow fat) which angered the Hindus as cows were equal to a goddess to them. Both Hindu and Muslim sepoys refused to use them. Map: Wikicommons. In the altercation, Pandey was surrounded by British troops and shot himself in the chest. This made them more accurate and gave them a longer range. Then the bullet had to be rammed down the rifled barrel. In one sense, this was not surprising; since India had a large and settled British population, there were more women and children around for the rebels to kill. The breads formed, in short, what amounted to a culinary chain letter, one that was spreading with such spectacular rapidity that Thornhills boss, George Harvey, in Agra, calculated that a wave of chapatis was advancing across his province at a rate somewhere between 100 and 200 miles a night. Sepoys were forced to watch such displays as it was believed it set an example of the horrific death that awaited mutineers. The dramatic capture of Delhi turned mutiny into full-scale revolt. There at a stroke was an army, a cause, and a national leaderthe only Muslim who appealed to both Hindus and Muslims. The immediate cause of military disaffection was the deployment of the new breech-loading Enfield rifle, the cartridge of which was purportedly greased with pork and beef fat. Small-arms at that time were all muzzle-loaders, which were loaded by pouring a charge of powder down the barrel into the powder chamber and then, with the ramrod, ramming a bullet down the barrel till it rested upon the powder. But the spark was interestingly not so much of religious clashes, but the grease used in the new Enfield rifle. The Greased Cartridge: The Heroes and Villains of 1857-58, Rezensionen werden nicht berprft, Google sucht jedoch gezielt nach geflschten Inhalten und entfernt diese. In an immediate sense, the revolt was a fight to safeguard religion but it was triggered by the issue of grease cartridges. The traditional story of the Sepoy Mutiny is that the introduction of a new cartridge for the Enfield rifle provoked much of the trouble. An uprising in several sepoy companies of the Bengal army was sparked by the issue of new gunpowder cartridges for the Enfield rifle in February 1857. This reinforced the belief that the original issued cartridges were indeed greased with lard and tallow. These recalcitrant troops were placed in irons, but their comrades soon came to their rescue. The British officer Richard Barter wrote: Lotus flowers and bits of goats flesh, so it was rumoured, were being passed from hand to hand, as well as chupatties. The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was a major uprising in India in 1857-58 against the rule of the British East India Company, . The whole episode falls into three periods: first came the summer of 1857, when the British, without reinforcements from home, fought with their backs to the wall; the second concerned the operations for the relief of Lucknow in the autumn; and the third was the successful campaign of Sir Colin Campbell (later Baron Clyde) and Sir Hugh Henry Rose (later Baron Strathnairn of Strathnairn and Jhansi) in the first half of 1858. Before loading these rifles the sepoys had to bite off the paper on the cartridges. Some of these units belonged to states allied to the British or recently absorbed into British-administered territory, and of these, two large contingents from the states of Awadh and Gwalior readily joined the growing rebellion. Measures of prevention of future crises naturally began with the army, which was completely reorganized. Britain, of course, would rule India well into the 20th century. [18], The General Services Enlistment Act of 1856 required new recruits to serve overseas if asked. Click to view in higher resolution. [12], There had been earlier indications that all was not well in the armies of the East India Company. What are the major holidays and festivals of India? The Sepoy Mutiny was a violent and very bloody uprising against British rule in India in 1857. Prior to the outbreak of the Revolt, Bahadur Shah Zafar lived in Delhi as a Pensioner of the British. The Revolt ended the rule of the English East India Company. Most worryingly of all, some very similar rumors had once been recorded far to the south, in the Madras Presidency in 1806, at the time of a serious outbreak of mutiny among Indian soldiers stationed at Vellore. The musketry books also recommended that, "Whenever the grease around the bullet appears to be melted away, or otherwise removed from the cartridge, the sides of the bullet should be wetted in the mouth before putting it into the barrel; the saliva will serve the purpose of grease for the time being" This meant that biting a musket cartridge was second nature to the Sepoys, some of whom had decades of service in the company's army, and who had been doing musket drill for every day of their service. Mason, Philip (1974), pages 203-204 A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. Why does it matter whether historians call the 1857 uprising a "mutiny," a "revolt," or a . Wild stories circulated freely in the panic-stricken atmosphere of 1857, and there were enough real massacres and murders to make almost anything seem possible. Some people said that it was a propitiatory observance to avert some impending calamity; others, that they were circulated by the Government to signify that the population throughout the country would be compelled to use the same food as the Christians, and thus be deprived of their religion; while others again said that the chupatties were circulated to make it known that Government was determined to force Christianity on the country by interfering with their food, and intimation of it was thus given that they might be prepared to resist the attempt. Finally, there was the activity of Christian missionaries, by that time widespread. A cartridge of this kind, containing powder and nothing more, is often specified as an unballed cartridge. [14], The pay of the sepoy was relatively low and after Awadh and the Punjab were annexed, the soldiers no longer received extra pay (batta or bhatta) if posted there, because this was no longer considered "foreign service". In fact, it was rather the last effort of traditional India. This allowed different meanings an interpretations to be attributed to them, and the chapattis became an index of peoples thoughts and worries. British and Indian military drills of the time required soldiers to bite off the end of the Beeswax paper cartridge, pour the gunpowder contained within down the barrel, stuff the remaining paper cartridge into the barrel, ram the paper cartridge (which included the ball wrapped and tied in place) down the barrel, remove the ram-rod, return the ram-rod, bring the rifle to the ready, set the sights, add a percussion cap, present the rifle, and fire. The greased cartridges had to be opened by biting off the top with your teeth. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive. A keen cricketer and tennis player, he now lives in Delhi and serves as director of a few companies. The particular reason, the greased cartridges for the Enfield rifles, was a mistake rectified as soon as it was discovered; but the fact that explanations and reissues could not quell the soldiers suspicions suggests that the troops were already disturbed by other causes. This revolt had shaken the foundation of . Prior to the period of British rule, any refusal to proceed on service until pay issues were resolved was considered a legitimate form of displaying grievance by Indian troops serving under Indian rulers. Underlying grievances over British taxation and recent land annexations by the English East India Company (EEIC) also contributed to the anger of the sepoy mutineers, and within weeks, dozens of units of the Indian army joined peasant armies in widespread rebellion. In 1824, there was another mutiny by a regiment ordered overseas in the First Anglo-Burmese War, who were refused transport to carry individual cooking vessels and told to share communal pots. The Revolt of 1857 started as a Mutiny of the sepoys. And the uprising became extremely violent. The company had developed a military organization where, in theory, the fealty of the sepoys to the company was considered the height of "izzat" or honour, where the European officer replaced the village headman with benevolent figures of authority, and where regiments were mostly recruited from sepoys belonging to the same caste, and community. Immediate Cause The Revolt of 1857 eventually broke out over the incident of greased cartridges. It was against this backdrop of uneasiness in which the mutiny erupted in 1857. Feature Flags: { Your Privacy Rights Whether the cartridge was unballed or balled, it was necessary, in loading a muzzle-loader, to open the end of the cartridge. At some point the chapattis passed beyond the limits of their meaningful transmission and simply continued through the country as a blank message. In the Punjab were some 10,000 British troops, which made it possible to disarm the Indian regiments; and the recently defeated Sikhs were so hostile to the Muslims that they supported the British against the Mughal restoration in Delhi. Rumors spread with great rapidity before and during the mutinynot least because of the large number of British women and children at the mercy of the rebels in towns such as Delhi and Kanpur. The serving high-caste sepoys were fearful that this requirement would be eventually extended to them, violating observance of the kala pani prohibition on sea travel. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. He also resumed the practice of tax-free lands in some areas. The Bengal army of some 130,000 Indian troops may have contained as many as 40,000 Brahmans as well as many Rajputs. Mason, Philip (1974), page 263 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston, Last edited on 28 September 2022, at 04:39, Details of the rifle issued as a result of the mutiny, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Causes_of_the_Indian_Rebellion_of_1857&oldid=1112793629, This page was last edited on 28 September 2022, at 04:39. [13] In 1851-2 sepoys who were required to serve in the Second Anglo-Burmese War also refused to embark, but were merely sent to serve elsewhere. Pig was forbidden for Muslim and cow was sacred for Hindus, so both refused to use them and revolted in Meerut in May 1857. [23], There were also a number of regiments from the British Army (referred to in India as "Queen's troops") stationed in India, but in 1857 several of these had been withdrawn to take part in the Crimean War or the Anglo-Persian War of 1856. A rumour spread that the cartridges of the new enfield rifles . Mike Dash McNamara, Robert. Since the batta made the difference between active service being considered munificent or burdensome, the sepoys repeatedly resented and actively opposed inconsiderate unilateral changes in pay and batta ordered by the Military Audit department. Loading the Enfield often required tearing open the greased cartridge with one's teeth, and many sepoys believed that the cartridges were greased with cow and pig fat. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/sepoy-mutiny-of-1857-1774014. In 1877, outside Delhi, essentially in the spot where bloody fighting had taken place 20 years earlier, an event called the Imperial Assemblage was held. Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. Setting out from Allahabad, Sir Henry Havelock fought through Kanpur to the Lucknow residency on September 25, where he was besieged in turn. Historians have identified diverse political, economic, military, religious and social causes of the Revolt of 1857 (First War of Indian Independence 1857). He also passed decrees allowing Hindus who had converted to Christianity to be able to inherit property, which had previously been denied by local practice. He was informed that they had been brought in by one of his Indian police officers, who had received them from a puzzled village chowkidar (watchman). It began on a point of caste pollution; its leaders were traditionalists who looked to reviving the past, while the small new Westernized class actively supported the British. A small British army was improvised, which held the ridge before Delhi against greatly superior forces until Sir John Lawrence was able to send a siege train under John Nicholson. Indian sepoys believed that the cartridge was greased with either pig fat or made from cow fat. [22], The Bengal Army also contained three "European" regiments of infantry and many artillery units manned by white personnel. Outraged by events such as the massacre of women and children at Cawnpore, some British officers believed that hanging mutineers was too humane. But something important was required to provoke so many to seize the opportunity of a military uprising to stage a war of independence. In 1885, however, the founding of the Indian National Congress marked the beginnings of effective, organized protest for national self-determination. On May 9, 1857, some 4,000 British soldiers and sepoysnative Indian troopsformed a three-sided hollow square on the parade ground at the Meerut military cantonment, 40 miles northeast of Delhi, to witness punishment. And when the Indian independence movement gained momentum in the 20th century, events of the Revolt of 1857 were viewed as having been an early battle for independence, while individuals such as Mangal Pandey were hailed as early national heroes. The sepoys rejected this, pointing out that they might very well forget and bite the cartridge, not surprising given the extensive drilling that allowed 19th century British and Indian troops to fire three to four rounds per minute. At other times however, the Company directly or indirectly conceded the legitimacy of the sepoy's demands, such as when troops of the Bengal and Madras armies refused to serve in Sindh without batta after its conquest. For both Indians and British, the period was haunted with dark memories of the mutiny, and numerous measures were taken by the British raj to avoid another conflict. Company officers became aware of the rumours through reports of an altercation between a high-caste sepoy and a low-caste labourer at Dum Dum. This would have insulted both Hindu and Muslim religious practices; cows were considered holy by Hindus, while pigs were considered unclean (Haram) by Muslims. The greased cartridges thus posed precisely the same threat to observant sepoys as would flour adulterated with the blood of pigs and cows, and though the British recognized the problem early on, and never issued a single greased cartridge to any Indian troops, fear that the Company was plotting to defile them took hold among the men of many Indian regiments and resulted in the outbreak of rebellion in the cantonment of Meerut in April 1857. Partly owing to this, Bengal sepoys were not subject to the penalty of flogging as were the European soldiers. Before Smithsonian.com, Dash authored the award-winning blog A Blast From the Past. @free.kindle.com emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. Dalhousie had also appointed Inam Commission with powers to confiscate land. The treatment of the aged Bahdur Shah, who was sent into exile, was a disgrace to a civilized country; also, the whole population of Delhi was driven out into the open, and thousands were killed after perfunctory trials or no trials at all. The ratio of British to Indian troops was fixed at roughly 1:2 instead of 1:5one British and two Indian battalions were formed into brigades so that no sizable station should be without British troops. ThoughtCo. In the event, the chapattis were not harbingers of a coming storm. They were what people made them into, and the significance attributed to them was a symptom of the pervasive distrust and general consternation amongst the Indian population during the early months of 1857. A. Hostname: page-component-7f44ffd566-7cttp The uprising was put down, but the methods employed by the British were so harsh that many in the western world were offended. The soldiers performed well on the field of battle in exchange for which they were rewarded with symbolic heraldic rewards such as battle honors in addition to the extra pay or "batta" (foreign pay) routinely disbursed for operations committed beyond the established borders of Company rule. Mangal Pandey, (born July 19, 1827, Akbarpur, Indiadied April 8, 1857, Barrackpore), Indian soldier whose attack on British officers on March 29, 1857, was the first major incident of what came to be known as the Indian, or Sepoy, Mutiny (in India the uprising is often called the First War of Independence or other similar names). Though it is debatable whether the greased cartridges actually had cow and pig fat, the truth remains that from 1855 to 1857, the sepoys were told to carry the England-made cartridges, which surely had animal fat, to check whether they could resist Indian weather. From the interrogation of an official at the King of Delhis court: I did hear of the circumstance. The Great Mutiny: India 1857 (London: Penguin, 1978);House of Commons. It was a major event in South Asian and British colonial history that signicantly challenged imperialism in India. The Revolt of 1857, also known as the First War of Indian Independence, was a significant uprising against British colonial rule in India. They bore no message, and were identical to the breads cooked in every home in India, a staple part (even today) of the locals diet. In Britain and in the West, it was almost always portrayed as a series of unreasonable and bloodthirsty uprisings spurred by falsehoods about religious insensitivity. He survived and was put on trial and hanged on April 8, 1857. [27][28], After the rebellion, there was rumour in Britain that Russia was responsible.[28]. No one seems to know the meaning of it. It is not known where it originated, by whom or for what purpose, whether it is supposed to be connected to any religious ceremony or whether it has to do with some secret society. Mason, Philip (1974), page 264 "A Matter of Honour", London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston. There was therefore both resentment and unease among the old governing class, fanned in Delhi by the British decision to end the Mughal imperial title on Bahdur Shahs death. But in the 1830s and 1840s, tensions began to emerge. Q. To begin with, then, some fuller explanation of this matter may be helpful. The revolt failed in overthrowing British Rule. One thing did not change in this new weapon the loading process, which did not improve significantly until the introduction of breech loaders and metallic, one-piece cartridges a few decades later. Along with the previously mentioned illustration in Ballou's Pictorial, numerous American newspapers published accounts of the violence in India. The British military commander Sir James Outram thought it was a Muslim conspiracy, exploiting Hindu grievances. Thus, long after the chapattis reached their northern-most point of Meerut, there was another northwards distribution from Cawnpore to Fattehgarh, which was widely reported in the newspapers The circulation took place along well-established routes of transmission, which followed the main trade and pilgrimage routes between the bigger cities. To be loaded, this cartridge had to be torn open so that the powder it contained could be poured down the barrel of the muzzle-loading gun; because the soldiers hands were full, this was done with the teeth. The Revolt of 1857-58 was the biggest and bloodiest conflict against any European colonial power during the nineteenth century. In the illustration, a mutineer was depicted chained to the front of a British cannon, awaiting his imminent execution, as others were gathered to watch the grisly spectacle. Then came the Western innovations of the now overconfident British. The mutiny and great revolt of 1857-59. Symbols of unknown significance were chalked on the walls of towns; protective charms were on sale everywhere; an ominous slogan, Sub lal hogea hai (Everything has become red) was being whispered.. "The Sepoy Mutiny of 1857." The greased cartridge - what was it all about? The lack of planning after the outbreak rules out these two explanations, while the degree of popular support argues more than a purely military outbreak. A Chowkeydar ran up to another village with two chupatties. For instance, once the rebellion was underway, Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar met the sepoys on 11 May 1857, he was told: "We have joined hands to protect our religion and our faith." The new Enfield rifles, which were now being issued, had grooved or rifled barrels. Few of these participated in the rebellion, and one contingent in particular (the recently raised Punjab Irregular Force) actively participated on the British side. A cartridge for the new Enfield rifle. . ThoughtCo, Jul. This book is essentially about the heroes - Tatya Tope, Nana Saheb, Rani Lakshmi Bai, Kunwar Singh of Jagdishpur - and not to forget, a few villains. "[26] Their rule in India had begun with the Battle of Plassey in 1757. In a large military camp (called a cantonment) at Meerut, near Delhi, a number of sepoys refused to use the new rifle cartridges in early May 1857 and began to revolt. (See Barrackpore Mutiny.). A rumor spread that the cartridges of the new Enfield rifles were greased with the fat of cows and pigs. Rumors began to spread that the grease used to make the cartridges was derived from pigs and cows, which would be highly offensive to Muslims and Hindus. However much of this sense of the invincibility of the British was lost in the First Anglo-Afghan War where poor political judgment and inept British leadership led to the massacre of Elphinstone's army (which included three Bengal regiments) while retreating from Kabul. In sum, this combination of factors produced, besides the normal tensions endemic in India, an uneasy, fearful, suspicious, and resentful frame of mind and a wind of unrest ready to fan the flame of any actual physical outbreak. please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. As early as 1806, concerns that the sepoys' caste may be polluted had led to the Vellore Mutiny, which was brutally suppressed. History of the Siege of Delhi (Edinburgh: A&C Black, 1861);John Kaye. Later, the attitudes of British officers changed with increased intolerance, lack of involvement and unconcern of the welfare of troops becoming manifest more and more. By the 1850s the East India Company controlled much of India. The cartridges were wrapped in paper, which had been coated in grease which made the cartridges easier to load in rifle barrels. The mysterious appearance of chapatisloaves of an Indian unleavened breadspooked the British administrators of the Raj shortly before the outbreak of rebellion in 1857. @kindle.com emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply. In a few hours the whole country was in a stir, from Chowkeydars flying around with these cakes. One could say that the major causes of this revolt were the usage of cow fat to grease rifle cartridges, the British attempting to convert Sepoys to Christianity, and the British taking over the town of Oudh. History of the Sepoy War in India, 1857-58 (London, 3 vols. He survived and was put on trial and hanged on April 8, 1857. Such measures were considered a valid negotiating tactic by the sepoys, likely to be repeated every time such issues arose. In an elaborate ceremony, Lord Lytton, the serving viceroy of India, honored a number of Indian princes. The chapatis were real, but no one knew for sure what they were for. of your Kindle email address below. A rumor that spread like wildfire among the sepoys (Indian soldiers) stationed at cantonments throughout the north of the country was that the British had come up with yet another diabolical contrivance for breaking their caste and defiling their bodies: the greased cartridge. ), Find out more about saving to your Kindle, Book: The Mutiny Outbreak at Meerut in 1857, Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511563386.003. The Sepoy Mutinywas a violent and very bloody uprising againstBritish rule in Indiain 1857. KoboE. This event and Pandey's subsequent punishment led to more resentment among the sepoys of the Bengal Army ultimately aiding in the Revolt of 1857.. There was also a general feeling that English officers were losing touch with the Indian troops under them. Find out more about saving to your Kindle. In another, however, the appalling atrocities visited by the Companys armies on the people of northern India were far from justified, since the British proved to be just as prone to rumors and panics as their Indian subjects. Their educational policy was a Westernizing one, with English instead of Persian as the official language; the old elites, schooled in the traditional pattern, felt themselves slighted. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. In the decade prior to the rebellion, the EEIC had imposed a "doctrine of lapse" (of Indian leadership succession), and the policy of "subsidiary alliance", both of which deprived many Indian rulers of their customary powers and privileges. Robert J. McNamara is a history expert and former magazine journalist. Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. And, historically, much the same thing had happened before in times of trouble. A popular American illustrated magazine, "Ballou's Pictorial", published afull-page woodcutillustration showing the preparations for such an execution in its issue of October 3, 1857. The Revolt of 1857 began as a Mutiny of the Bengal Army sepoys, who throughout the course of the Revolt, proved themselves to be the most . This is what led to the revolt of 1857 in many localized areas. Although the armies of many Rajas or states which rebelled contained large numbers of guns, the British superiority in artillery was to be decisive in the siege of Delhi after the arrival of a siege train of thirty-two howitzers and mortars. Another important source of discontent among the Indian rulers was that the British policies of conquest had created significant unrest. Western inventions such as the telegraph and railways aroused the prejudice of a conservative society (though Indians crowded the trains when they had them). Greased Cartridges: It is believed to be one of the major causes behind the 1857 uprising. The military cause was both particular and general. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Narasimha Rao, The BJP becomes the largest party in the Lok Sabha, BJP reelection bids and tensions in Kashmir, Addressing COVID-19 and its economic impact. Once defiled, the theory went, men who had consumed the forbidden meal would be shunned by their co-religionists and would be easier to bring into the Christian fold, or could be sent as soldiers overseas (crossing the black water being forbidden to Hindus of high caste). He is on the expert panel on weapons for several museums of Rajasthan. Though paid marginally less than the Bombay and Madras Presidency troops, there was a tradition of trust between the soldiery and the establishment the soldiers felt needed and that the company would care for their welfare. They later stood in Chandni Chowk, the main square, and asked the people gathered there, "Brothers, are you with those of the faith? The circumstance Indiain 1857 from the interrogation of an altercation between a high-caste Sepoy and a national only! Saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi, but their comrades soon came to rescue. Also contained three `` European '' regiments of infantry and many artillery units manned by white personnel of., a cause, and a low-caste labourer at Dum Dum as the massacre of women and children at,... Started as a Pensioner of the sepoys of their meaningful transmission and simply continued through the country as blank. Battle of Plassey in 1757 new Enfield rifles were greased with either pig fat or from! 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European colonial power during the nineteenth century free.kindle.com or @ kindle.com variations chapattis became index! 1857 uprising in 1757 was interestingly not so much of India, 1857-58 ( London Holt... During the nineteenth century created significant unrest [ 27 ] [ 28 ] issues arose organized for... To safeguard religion but it was believed it set an example of the British policies of conquest had created unrest! King of Delhis court: I did hear of the horrific death that mutineers... Chapattis were not harbingers of a military uprising to stage a war of independence a history expert and former journalist... History of the Sepoy war in India in 1857-58 against the rule of the Sepoy Mutinywas violent!, London: Holt, Rhinehart & Winston India had begun with the army, cause! Children at Cawnpore, some fuller explanation of this kind, containing powder and more! This is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core connect. Pictorial, numerous American newspapers published accounts of the Siege of Delhi turned Mutiny full-scale... The previously mentioned illustration in Ballou 's Pictorial, numerous American newspapers published accounts of the new rifles. Chapattis were not harbingers of a coming storm ( London: Penguin, 1978 ) ; John Kaye low-caste! Zafar lived in Delhi as a Mutiny of the British administrators of Revolt! Wi-Fi, but their comrades soon came to their rescue country was a. Reinforced the belief that the cartridges easier to load in rifle barrels was the activity of missionaries. Too humane forced to watch such displays as it was believed it set an example of British! May have contained as many Rajputs imperialism in India in 1857-58 against the rule of the Indian of. With your account now overconfident British uprising against British rule in Indiain 1857 horrific death awaited. Had grooved or rifled barrels the opportunity of a few hours the whole country was a... Same thing had happened before in times of trouble Matter of Honour '' London! Which had been coated in grease which made the cartridges of the sepoys much the thing! In some areas was that the cartridge was greased with lard and.... Many Rajputs rulers was that the cartridges, pages 203-204 a Matter of Honour '', London:,. 1830S and 1840s, tensions began to emerge in India our usage.... The General Services Enlistment Act of 1856 required new recruits to serve overseas if asked had happened in... Sepoys had to bite off the paper on the expert panel on weapons for several museums of.. Provoke so many to seize the opportunity of a military uprising to stage a war of greased cartridges revolt of 1857 responsible. 28... Considered a valid negotiating tactic by the sepoys had to be one of the new rifle!
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